In addition, because we capture data for every hop between you and your target, we can calculate an MOS rating for every intermediate hop in a route. It's likely that there's not enough bandwidth between those two locations. Using these factors, PingPlotter generates an MOS value consistent with what youd produce by having dozens of individual test subjects rate the quality of your connection. Quickly resolve work-from-home internet problems. Monitor connections for several offices at once. Discover bottlenecks on your local network. This is a strong clue that it's actually the connection between hop 4 and 5 that's causing the problem. PingPlotter is a network monitoring and troubleshooting solution that helps millions of internet citizens find the source of network problems and prove the culprit. Also, the IP addresses show decidedly different ranges. A little bit more troubleshooting is needed for this.ĭigging deeper, we can see (from the domain names) that hop 3 is in the sip.net domain, while hop 4 is in the domain. We don't know if it actually happens because of CPU overloading in hop 4, a router problem in hop 4 (or even on the exit side of hop 3), or if it's the connection between hop 3 and 4. Now, all we know from this is that the problem happens after hop 3. This is a huge indication of where the problem lies. Hop 4 shows 5.5% packet loss, and this packet loss is carried on through to the final destination. There's a problem someplace in the route, but we need to determine where. What can we determine from the graph below?įirst off, the final destination (hop 11) shows 7.4% packet loss. I'll try to update any significant progress.So let's get into some specific examples of how to interpret the results from PingPlotter.įor the first example, you're getting intermittent packet loss to Final.Target.1. I know the OpenReach infrastructure is fine so it is about finding an ISP who handle the traffic properly. Simply put, it is a case of admit a fault, fix it or I leave. I am about to launch a second complaint - I believe the issues are purely down to how they handle traffic through the BT network. There is no physical infrastructure issue, the line tests and shows a negotiated 28mbps connection but the throughput is impacted (performance) - it is the ISP BT at fault here. The engineer saw the issue on his own equipment and has stated as far as OpenReach are concerned, my connection is 100% - perfect. For example, well be setting up an alert that will play a buzzer sound any time our target. Every alert will be stored in our alert library for use on any target. From here, were able to create a new alert. Today (after I complained) BT Retail ordered another OpenReach engineer who went through everything including moving me onto the best / newest port available in the cabinet. To set up a new alert, either select a target from a summary screen or open a trace window for a target, then click on the Alerts tab. So far BT have replaced my router, reset the line / port, had an OpenReach engineer and had a new line / socket physically connected from the road into the house. 3 months ago the same problem started to occur, long ping times, loss of data transfer speeds and packet loss. During the first part of lock down we had two home workers (one using an IP phone), home schooling via Google Class and simultaneous box set streaming via Netfilix / Disney etc with no issues. I have been on BT ADSL / FTTC for years and have worked from home since 2018. PingPlotter Pro can be used to trace to multiple different targets within the same instance (and each target’s configuration can be independently managed, too). You are describing the exact same issue that I have been trying to resolve here for the last 3 months! PingPlotter Standard can trace up to 2 targets simultaneously in the same instance.
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The Wifi Autoswitch Utility ensures that your office/desk users are connected to the wired LAN and reduces redundant network connections by decreasing the number of open ports and eliminating IP address conflicts. Wifi Autoswitch Utility (For Business Users) Improve your network performance by offering your wireless users greater security in addition to the maximum bandwidth available. USB 3.0 cable is also provided to easily connect your device to a complete workstation – including dual monitors, mouse, keyboard, printer and other peripherals you may need by simply docking your laptop. Along with 4 USB 3.0 ports, the DV2K Docking Station includes Gigabit Ethernet port, audio In/Out ports to connect speakers and a security lock slot to avoid theft. 8 power tips (H, L, O, P, R, W, X9, Z) are conveniently stored inside the dock for quick access. Features our patent-pending universal 90W laptop charging compatible with 19.5V PC/Ultrabook laptops. The docking station can connect dual 2K high-definition video to only 2 displays at a time – built-in sliders prevent users from connecting more than 2 display connections into the docking station. Common enhanced IO features including external monitors, GbE, and multiple USB ports enable a true workstation experience with any PC or Macbook.įeatures dual, integrated 2K video ports – 2 DisplayPort and 2 DVI-I – that deliver beyond HD video and graphics up to 2560 x 1600 resolution to 2 monitors. Targus' Universal Docking Stations fit right, every time. With an industry-leading 3-year warranty, the Targus DV2K Docking Station offers increased productivity by utilizing the latest USB 3.0 technology for your workstation. Designed with your productivity in mind. Introducing the industry's first USB 3.0 Dual 2K Video Docking Station with Power. After incorporating feedback, finalize the map and create an action plan for improvement.Įmbed the customer journey map in your intranet and other internal websites or share it with everyone, so they can easily access it and help update and improve it. Identify ways you can remove the roadblocks to help smoothen out your customer’s journey. Use built-in comments to gather feedback from stakeholders and discuss changes. Share the journey map with the others in the marketing/ sales/ product team to get their input. Mark these down on your user journey map as well. Mark them down on your customer journey map.Įxamine the gathered data to identify the potential roadblocks or pain points in the customer journey. Referring to the flowcharts, identify the major and minor touchpoints and the user goals associated with them. Using a user flow diagram, create the paths different user personas may take when interacting with your business. And develop user personas for customers at different buying stages.ĭig deep to understand the goals of your customers - exactly what they want to achieve as they go through various customer experiences during different stages. Start by understanding your customer using sources such as surveys, customer feedback, and analytics. Determine the customer segment to focus on and gather information about their needs, goals, pain points, and behaviors. Next, you should map out the key marketing steps: the discovery phase, the consideration phase, the purchase phase and finally the retention phase.Bring together a team with diverse perspectives and skills, such as customer service, marketing, product, and sales. The marketing persona, who represents your average customer, includes detailed demographic information about your target customers, such as their locations, gender, age group, job titles, organizational sizes, or even overlapping interests. Moreover, Managers should also talk to front-line customer service staff within their organization to gain first-hand ordering experience and identify any potential pain points.īuild Your User Persona and Map out the Key Marketing Phases If time is limited, just focus on researching your primary audiences. This template will help you: Identify customer jobs-to-be-done. It is a companion piece for this blog post, which includes instructions for how to use customer journey maps. The former one may include data analysis, such as website traffic analytic the latter one refers to do face-to-face interviews. The free Excel template is intended to help you lay the foundation for building (or rebuilding) your sales funnel. You may do so by undertaking quantitative or qualitative research methods. Make sure who is your target group what is your business goal which kind of product or service would you like to analyze etc. The specific process of creating a customer journey map may vary, but the essential steps should including the following: How to Create a Customer Journey Map - Key Steps You can check out more details by clicking on the map. The template here offers a different style of user experience presentation with a vertical indicator at the left-hand side, and a flow of actions and feelings on the map. Click on it to see the full map.įree download the easy and innovative customer journey map software.Ĭustomer Journey Map Template - Mobile Ordering Experience You can see the activities, feelings with face icons, customer expectations and so on. The template here shows you the general stages of the online shopping experience. There’s no need for templates in this case, as the tool itself is pretty much a template for a customer journey map. Pricing starts at 20/mo for a one-month subscription. To create more than one map, you need to upgrade to a premium version. For example, you can develop more target customer base based on the existing demographics of your fans or do more quantitative analysis to figure out customer preference.Ĭustomer Journey Map Template - General Online Shopping Experience The only downside is that the free version enables you to create just one map.
These are the most common words your child needs will need to know througho. If they do not have one readily available, consider using the lists below to assist your child in obtaining a sight word vocabulary. You and your child will enjoy practicing the Eighth Grade Vocabulary Sight Words. SightĪnother option is to contact your school to obtain a sight word list. Spelling Words are organized in lists from Grade 1 to 12 and separately for Sight Words. This information was provided above in separate PDF files. The table below contains both Dolch and Fry’s sight word lists. His list contains 1,000 words, the table above includes the first 225. The first 100 words make up over 50% of all written material. Dolch intentionally excluded nouns from this list.įry created a list containing the most common words in English. Pre-K Dolch Words (40 words) Kindergarten Dolch Words (52 words) 1st Grade Dolch Words (41 words) 2nd Grade Dolch Words (46 words) 3rd Grade Dolch Words (41 words) Noun Dolch Words (95 words) 7.4 Fry Sight Words Bingo Cards 7.4. Sight Words worksheets for Grade 6 are an essential tool for teachers looking to enhance their students reading and writing skills. He categorized these words into the following five groups: pre-primer, primer, first, second and third. Noun Dolch Words (95 words) 7.3.c Dolch Sight Words 3×3 Bingo Cards. Teachers can import seventh grade word lists and assign vocabulary games to students that provide practice with 7th grade spelling words, vocabulary, and definitions. Explore printable Sight Words worksheets for 6th Grade. The most prominent lists were published separately by two PhD’s, Dolch and Fry.ĭolch’s sight word list contains 220 service words. There are many sight word lists circulating today. By utilizing Quizizz in conjunction with Sight Words worksheets, teachers can provide their students with a dynamic and effective learning experience.Sight words are common words that are found in everyday print they make up over 50% of all written material. Furthermore, Quizizz's extensive library of resources allows teachers to customize their lessons to suit the unique needs of their Class 6 students. With Quizizz, teachers can easily incorporate reading, writing, grammar, and spelling exercises into their curriculum, ensuring that their students receive a well-rounded education. This platform allows teachers to create engaging quizzes, interactive lessons, and even assign homework, all while tracking their students' progress in real-time. Quizizz offers a comprehensive platform for teachers to access not only Sight Words worksheets for Class 6 but also a plethora of other educational resources. With a wide variety of Sight Words worksheets for Class 6 available, teachers can easily find the perfect resources to support their students' learning needs. Additionally, these worksheets can also help students develop their grammar and spelling abilities, as they become more familiar with the structure and usage of these common words. By incorporating these sight words into their daily lessons, teachers can improve their students' overall reading fluency and comprehension. These worksheets focus on the most commonly used words in the English language, helping students to recognize and understand them quickly. Sight Words worksheets for Class 6 are an essential tool for teachers looking to enhance their students' reading and writing skills. Explore Other Subject Worksheets for class 6Įxplore printable Sight Words worksheets for 6th Class Thread pipe cleaners through straws and use them to create a wide variety of 3D shapes. Form shapes with pipe cleaners and straws The Map Is Not the Territory/The Math in Your Feet Blog via Learn more: Rainbow Craft With Pipe Cleaners at Preschool Inspirations 12. This cute pipe cleaner craft is the perfect way to welcome spring! Use the finished products to decorate your classroom for a colorful accent. Go over the rainbow Preschool Inspirations/Rainbow Craft With Pipe Cleaners via Learn more: No Prep Fine Motor Pipe Cleaner Activity at Hands On as We Grow 11. Not only will it buy you some much-needed quiet time, but it will also give them excellent fine motor skills practice. Give a toddler some pipe cleaners and a colander and you’ll keep them busy for hours. Grab a colander for fine motor practice Hands On As We Grow/No Prep Fine Motor Pipe Cleaner Activity via Learn more: Homemade Bubble Wands at Messy Little Monster 10. Sure, you could just use the wands that come with bubble solution, but these are so much cooler! Experiment with different shapes while also personalizing your own wand with colorful bead patterns. Blow bubbles with homemade wands Messy Little Monster/Homemade Bubble Wands via Learn more: Beaded Number Rods at Tips and Ideas From Anne Gardner 9. These are great in the classroom and also for extra practice at home. Make simple but effective math manipulatives to help kids see addition and subtraction in action. Get hands-on math practice Tips and Ideas From Anne Gardner/Beaded Number Rods via Learn more: How To Make a Rose With Pipe Cleaner at Sharing Our Experiences 8. Real roses fade, but these pipe cleaner crafts will last forever! Pick a bouquet of roses Sharing Our Experiences/How To Make Rose via Learn more: Pipe Cleaner Constellations at 123 Homeschool 4 Me 7. Bonus tip: Hang them from the ceiling for cool classroom or bedroom decor! Use star-shaped beads along with pipe cleaners to map out the constellations of the night sky. Gaze at pipe cleaner constellations 123 Homeschool 4 Me/Pipe Cleaner Constellations via Learn more: How To Make Pipe Cleaner Butterfly Rings at One Little Project 6. Your kids will love this simple and beautiful craft. These butterfly rings are both pretty and functional. Craft a butterfly ring One Little Project/How To Make Pipe Cleaner Butterfly Rings via Learn more: Learning Letters With Pipe Cleaners at Make and Takes 5. Then, use those letters for fun spelling practice. Kids often get bored while learning letters, so take a break from writing and try twisting pipe cleaners into letters instead. Spell with pipe cleaner letters Make and Takes/Learning Letters With Pipe Cleaners via Learn more: DIY Pipe Cleaner Cacti at Handmade Charlotte 4. These cacti are just so cute! Create a whole garden of them with the easy instructions at the link. Cultivate a cactus garden Handmade Charlotte/DIY Pipe Cleaner Cacti via Learn more: Pipe Cleaner and Beads Color Matching Tree at School Time Snippets 3. Twist the pipe cleaners into a tree shape, then let kids string the matching beads to the right branches for some color-recognition practice. Match colors on a pipe cleaner tree School Time Snippets/Pipe Cleaner and Beads Color Matching Tree via īefore getting started, round up colorful pipe cleaners and beads to match. Learn more: Adorable Pipe Cleaner Animals at Frugal Fun for Boys and Girls 2. The variety of animals means everyone can choose which one they like best. Students will love these adorable pipe cleaner animal creations. Create pipe cleaner animal friends Frugal Fun for Boys and Girls/Adorable Pipe Cleaner Animals via Try out one of these pipe cleaner crafts with your students to add a vibrant, colorful effect to your classroom, and have some fun in the process! Check out this list of 50 of our favorite pipe cleaner crafts. They’re colorful, inexpensive, and have so many uses. Pipe cleaners have long been a staple classroom supply. When they can easily see this information, it reduces questions they might have about your prices or paying for the products or services. This way, your client can easily tell what they purchased from you, how much it cost, and how much they owe you. It should also include any deadlines for the payments, if applicable, as well as any terms of agreement for the sale.Īll of this should be organized in the invoice in a way that makes sense and is easy to read.
If I catch you looking at anything else, I’m gon’ beat yo a**. Reciting the lines, “All right ya’ll, all eyes on me. Chrystale Wilson is apparently aware of the love that fans have for the film because she recently decided to make a Tik Tok and step into Ronnie’s stripper heels one more time. Upload, customize and create the best GIFs with our free GIF animator See it. She also has a vendetta (and fixation) on Diamond, played by LisaRaye, after they ended their brief friendship on bad terms after Ronnie sexually assaulted her at a private party.įrom Halloween costumes and social media tributes to online watch parties, “Player’s Club” is still just as popular today as it was when it was initially released in theaters. Browse MakeaGif's great section of animated GIFs, or make your very own. As “Ronnie,” she is the female villain in “Player’s Club” as the star dancer who recruits the other girls to do a little extra on the side to make ends meet. 7 Photos Chrystale Wilson sizzled on our movie screens year after year in the early 2000s with scene stealing roles as the voluptuous Villain. Johnson, Alex Thomas, Charlie Murphy, Terrence Howard, Faizon Love and LisaRaye McCoy in her first starring role.Roommates, it’s been almost 22 years since actress Chrystale Wilson stole the show with every scene in the classic 1998 film, “Player’s Club.” She famously portrayed the fan-favorite character of “Ronnie”-and she just decided to tap into the role once again courtesy of a new Tik Tok video.Ĭhrystale Wilson used her very first film role to make a lasting impression that fans still can’t get enough of over 20 years later. The Players Club is a 1998 American dark comedy drama thriller film written and directed by Ice Cube in his feature film directorial debut.In addition to Ice Cube, the film stars Bernie Mac, Monica Calhoun, Jamie Foxx, John Amos, A. With Tenor, maker of GIF Keyboard, add popular Ronnie Players Club animated GIFs to your conversations. 5.1K views, 20 likes, 17 loves, 15 comments, 162 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from My Alter Ego - Her Name Is: - Ronnie (The Players Club, 1998) #ThePlayersClub. Synopsis : Une mère célibataire a pour habitude de fréquenter The Players Club, un bar dansant du sud tenu par. The Players Club est un film réalisé par Ice Cube avec LisaRaye, Monica Calhoun. GIFs Stickers GIPHY Clips All the GIFs Find GIFs with the latest and newest hashtags Search, discover and share your favorite Players-club GIFs.Fiche technique Titre: The Players Club Réalisation: Ice Cube Scénario: Ice Cube Musique: Frank Fitzpatrick, Hidden. Synopsis Une femme tente de trouver sa place dans le monde du striptease. Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche technique et Distribution The Players Club est un film américain réalisé par Ice Cube, sorti en 1998. A fisticuffs / brawling catfight between Diana "Diamond" Armstrong (LisaRaye McCoy) and Ronnie (Chrystale Wilson) from the movie, "The Players Club" (1998).*. The Players Club or Fight Club? Chrystale ‘Ronnie’ Wilson Reveals Truth Behind REAL Beef With Lisa ‘Diamond’ Raye on Set In the April release of the 1998 fil. A list of tweets where Ronnie from the Players Club was sent as Photographs and videos show in the same page! Re-tweeted tweets and favorited tweets are shown so that they are easily spotted!.
To remove watermark from AVS video editor, you need to register the program or use a third-party tool. When you uploaded your file, find Video Effects on the list of directories. The properties of the Perspective effect available for setting are angle and the Vertical option. In the Properties Area of the Video Effect window you can change the effect properties change the effect properties. It has two variations: horizontal and vertical transformations. If you use AVS Video Editor in the free version, you will get the output video with a watermark. Got a video filmed upside down The way out is really easy and obvious just rotate a video in AVS Video Editor Step 1. The Perspective effect allows you to transform the perspective in an image. There are four channels to export a video: Voice: Add background music to the video from different sources.Ĥ.When you are done with video editing, click the Produce button. Text: Decorate your video with text with different font, color and style. Video Effects: Apply various effects to your videos by choosing from the list. Transitions: Select your favorite transition from the collection and use it to make the footage smoothly. See the Using Crop Scale section to find out how to save video with an aspect ratio different from that of the imported files without mattes adding. Speed: Slow down or accelerate the video playback.Ĭolor: Change the parameters related to color.ģ.Some advanced features are located in the middle of the interface, like: Note: in case you import 4:3 video files and then choose the 16:9 aspect ratio the black bars (mattes) will be added by the sides of the output video to preserve the image size and prevent distortions. Trim: Open the Trim dialog to remove unwanted parts from the video. There are several options above the timeline: Hitting Import Media Files will add your videos for editing further.Ģ.After importing, drag and drop the video into the timeline. Now, let's discuss how each of features works in AVS Video Editor.ġ.Opening the video editor, you will get three sources for a new project. The video editor is not available to Mac OS X and above or Linux. It will add watermark on videos if users does not register with personal information. It also includes a basic video editor which allows you to easily rotate videos from iPhone, PC or camcorder 90, -90, 180 degrees easily. It supports 250+ video formats such as MP4, WMV, MKV, AVI, FLV, DVD and more. It lacks most of high-end or innovative features, like 3D video editing. Freemake Video Converter is a free and all-in-one video converter. The Rotate transformation allows you to rotate the entire image. AVS Video Editor only support 10 video output formats, although the input formats supported are plentiful. Now the fun begins! Start imagining what animals live in each burrow. the beauty of this assignment is getting inspired along the way.ħ. Add as many different burrows as you'd like! You don't have to go into this prompt with ideas planned out ahead of time. You can draw a whole on the snow layer or make a hole at the base of one of your trees to start it off.Ħ. I have tons of different tree illustrations as part of my winter wonderland drawing guide.ĥ. Add more trees as you go but make sure they get smaller and less detailed as you go back. If you'd like to add a mountain range in the background you can also do that. You are creating depth in your landscape by adding more middle ground and background. Add a few more wavy lines (they can go in different directions) that look like they are going behind the initial lines. Add a few more trees/ bushes to this layer- but note these objects should be slightly smaller as they are starting to go back into the middle ground.Ĥ. This is the blanket of snow on top of the ground. Draw another wavy line slightly above the first. These trees should be large/ tall and can run off the top of the page as they are in the foreground of the landscape. Draw one or two large trees above the line. Draw a wavy diagonal line across your page.Ģ. If you would like to create this Winter Landscape Burrow with your students, here is how you can get them started: HOW TO DRAW A WINTER BURROW SCENEġ. In my initial drawing I kept my scene pretty "safe" but I know that if you give a child this prompt- the creativity and storytelling of animal characters is endless!! I honestly can't tell you how much fun I had working on this burrowed winter landscape and I felt like I could have worked on it for another 5 hours. Once this prompt hit me, I HAD to give my inner child an opportunity to recreate this scene.the only difference was that I made it in winter time (usually we drew it in the spring because there were always rows of carrots sprouting from the dirt at the top of the page). It started when I drew up the cutest little winter fox snoozing, which led to a bear snoozing, then a bunny and then WOOOSH- I was transported back to my 7 year old self drawing at our kitchen table. The most magical thing about this drawing prompt was that every time we drew it, the scene would be different! The reason why I bring this memory up is because it only JUST hit me as I was drawing up animals for my Winter Woodland Creatures drawing guide. Reflecting back on this scene now as an adult I can recognize how many opportunities there were for creative expression, story telling and so many personalized details. There were trees, carrots, bushes and more all above the ground, while roots twisted and turned, treasures were buried and sweet mini stories of baby bunnies and their momma emerged throughout the drawing. When I was a little girl, my sister and I would draw this reoccurring scene of bunnies underground in their borrows with tons of tunnels connecting to one another. So I recently unlocked a core memory y'all. For example southern pine is much stronger and stiffer than spruce. A higher grade of a given species has a higher strength rating (Fb) and often has a higher stiffness value (E) too. An Fb value indicates design strength for those extreme fibers. The outermost (extreme) wood fibers on the top and bottom surfaces are stressed more than those fibers in the middle. And at the same time, fibers stretch along the bottom edge. As a beam bends the outermost (extreme) fibers are compressed along the top edge. Loads cause beams, joists and rafters to bend. Fb value or extreme fiber stress in bending.For example: No.2 grade eastern white pine has an E value of 1,100,000 and No.2 hem-fir has an E value of 1,300,000. A material with a higher E value is stiffer. E is a ratio that relates the amount a given load causes a material to deform. E value or modulus of elasticity of the individual elements.will provide a stronger and stiffer floor assembly than 2×8 joists of the same grade and species that are spaced 16-inches o.c. It is important to realize that the way you select and use materials will control costs and performance. Many factors influence how a system responds to loading. For example, Appendix A indicates that one type of clay tile roof system has a live load value of 20 psf and a dead load value of 15 psf. AWC’s Appendix A lists a variety of live and dead load combinations for floors, ceilings and rafters. Simply reference Span Tables for Joists and Rafters published by the American Wood Council (AWC). But for most cases there is a cookbook solution. For a floor system you can find the individual weights of drywall, strapping, floor joists, subfloor, underlayment and carpet in an architectural handbook like Architectural Graphic Standards. To determine the dead load value for a given floor or roof system, the weight of all permanently installed materials in a given component are added together. Unlike stiffness, live loads and dead loads are added together to determine minimum design values for strength. Joists, and rafters must be strong enough not to break when loaded. Strength of a material is obviously important. Attic floors with limited storage L/240 & 10 psf.Bedrooms and habitable attic floors L/360 & 30 psf.Examples of code-prescribed deflection limits and live load values are: These limits are based on live loads and activities experienced in specific rooms of a house. Typical deflection limits referenced in code books are L/360, L/240 or L/180. Drywall attached to the underside of this system is not expected to crack when the floor joist system deflects 1/3″. For example: a floor joist appropriately selected to span 10 feet with an L/360 limit will deflect no more than 120″/360 = 1/3 inches under maximum design loads. They are expressed as a fraction clear span in inches (L) over a given number. Maximum deflection limits are set by building codes. Only live loads are used to calculate design values for stiffness. In other words, how much a joist or rafter bends under the maximum expected load. Stiffness of structural members is limited by maximum allowable deflection. Perhaps the joists were strong enough if they didn’t break! But lack of stiffness leads to costly problems. For example, first-floor ceiling plaster would crack as occupants walked across a second-floor bedroom that was framed with bouncy floor joists. Strength and stiffness are equally important. Beams, studs, joists and rafters act as a structural skeleton and must be strong enough and stiff enough to resist these loads. The house acts as a structural system resisting dead loads (weight of materials), live loads (weights imposed by use and occupancy), like snow loads and wind loads. This article will focus on how simple beams like joists and rafters react to loading. If, when the loads of the house are combined, the house weighs more than the soil can support – the house will sink until it reaches a point at which the soil can support the load. Remember when your science teacher said: every action has an opposite and equal reaction? Well every building load has an equal “reaction load”. The structural goal of a house is to safely transfer building loads (weights) through the foundation to the supporting soil. A complete analysis of wood’s mechanical properties is complex, but understanding a few basics of lumber strength will allow you to size joists and rafters with the use of span tables. Wood is naturally engineered to serve as a structural material: The stem of a tree is fastened to the earth at its base (foundation), supports the weight of its branches (column) and bends as it is loaded by the wind (cantilever beam). Using span tables to size joists and rafters is a straight-forward process when you understand the structural principles that govern their use. |
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